{"id":2303,"date":"2025-11-26T14:54:55","date_gmt":"2025-11-26T14:54:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.maurobiglino.com\/magia-proibita-nella-bibbia-biglino-endor-saul\/"},"modified":"2025-11-27T09:51:00","modified_gmt":"2025-11-27T09:51:00","slug":"forbidden-magic-in-the-bible-biglino-endor-saul","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.maurobiglino.com\/en\/forbidden-magic-in-the-bible-biglino-endor-saul\/","title":{"rendered":"Forbidden magic in the Bible"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row fade_scroll=”yes” enable_content_animation=”yes” animation_preset=”Fade In Up” css=”.vc_custom_1747930724485{padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_column width=”1\/6″][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”2\/3″][vc_column_text el_class=”abstract”]When we approach the Bible from a philological rather than a theological perspective, a surprisingly human picture emerges: the need to know the unknown, the desire for psychological security, and the ease with which one can fall victim to deception that exploits fears and expectations. The theme of forbidden magic fits perfectly here, between the pragmatic awareness of Yahweh<\/strong>, the prohibitions transmitted by the editors, and the people’s resistance to giving up practices that had been rooted for centuries.<\/p>\n

In this respect, the Bible is an extraordinarily sincere document: it records prohibitions and also records transgressions, showing the normative intent and social reality, highlighting internal contradictions and even errors that the manuscript tradition has kept intact.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/6″][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row enable_content_animation=”yes” animation_preset=”Fade In Up” css=”.vc_custom_1747930712862{margin-top: 20px !important;margin-bottom: 50px !important;}”][vc_column width=”1\/6″][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”2\/3″][vc_video link=”https:\/\/youtu.be\/Mu6F1JoSQ10″ align=”center”][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/6″][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row enable_content_animation=”yes” animation_preset=”Fade In Up” css=”.vc_custom_1747930770591{margin-top: 20px !important;}”][vc_column width=”1\/6″][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”2\/3″][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

Yahweh’s prohibitions and the difficulty of defining biblical magic<\/h2>\n

One of the clearest texts on the subject is found in Deuteronomy 18<\/i>, where it is explicitly stated that there shall be no one among the people who practices divination<\/b>, sorcery<\/b>, augury<\/b>, magic<\/b>, enchantments<\/b>, who consults spirits<\/b>, fortune tellers<\/b>, or who questions the dead<\/b>. This is a broad list, and it is by no means easy to establish philologically the precise meaning of the individual Hebrew terms, because modern categories\u2014magic<\/i>, witchcraft<\/i>, spiritism<\/i>, clairvoyance<\/i>\u2014do not necessarily coincide with ancient ones.<\/p>\n

The biblical author seems to want to cover the entire spectrum of magical-divinatory practices known in the ancient Near East, prohibiting them en masse precisely because, from the point of view of the narrative, they represent a danger of deception<\/b>. It is not surprising, therefore, that the prohibitions are repeated with great insistence.<\/p>\n

In Leviticus 20, the punishment becomes explicit: \u201cA man or woman who is a necromancer or diviner shall be put to death.\u201d<\/p>\n

Evidently, in the internal logic of the text, the risk of manipulation was perceived as very high.<\/p>\n

However, the Bible itself recognizes that these practices continue to thrive<\/b>, demonstrating that prohibition fails to counteract a deeply rooted culture. Magic is a structural element of all ancient societies, not a marginal phenomenon.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/6″][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row enable_content_animation=”yes” animation_preset=”Fade In Up” responsive_css=”margin_top_large:50px|margin_bottom_large:20px|margin_bottom_small:30px”][vc_column width=”1\/6″][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”2\/3″][vc_single_image image=”2290″ alignment=”center”][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/6″][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row enable_content_animation=”yes” animation_preset=”Fade In Up” css=”.vc_custom_1747930838361{margin-top: 20px !important;}”][vc_column width=”1\/6″][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”2\/3″][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

The role of prophets and the perennial attraction of the people to magic<\/h2>\n

In biblical culture, the prophet<\/i> is not a \u201cfortune teller\u201d: the term indicates \u201cone who speaks on behalf of\u201d<\/b>, that is, a representative who communicates messages attributed to Yahweh. Prophets do not predict the future using magical techniques, but express the logical consequences of the people’s behavior: if you obey, this will happen; if you disobey, that will happen<\/i>.<\/p>\n

Yet the function of reassurance remains central, and the people continue to seek someone who will \u201ctell them what will happen.\u201d Hence the perennial tension between prophecy and divination.<\/p>\n

Prophets such as Isaiah speak of a people \u201cfull of diviners and magicians like the Philistines\u201d and urge them not to consult necromancers and diviners who \u201cwhisper and murmur\u201d (Isaiah 8:19), two verbs that will become significant when we analyze the technique of the necromancer of Endor. Jeremiah and Ezekiel also constantly denounce these practices.<\/p>\n

But despite condemnations and warnings, magic does not disappear: it is too deeply rooted and responds to a profound psychological need that prophecy cannot fully satisfy.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/6″][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row enable_content_animation=”yes” animation_preset=”Fade In Up” responsive_css=”margin_top_large:50px|margin_bottom_large:20px|margin_bottom_small:30px”][vc_column width=”1\/6″][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”2\/3″][vc_single_image image=”2287″ alignment=”center”][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/6″][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row enable_content_animation=”yes” animation_preset=”Fade In Up” css=”.vc_custom_1747930857330{margin-top: 20px !important;}”][vc_column width=”1\/6″][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”2\/3″][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

From prohibitions to legalization: when magic becomes an institution<\/h2>\n

In other periods, however, kings even go so far as to institutionalize magicians and diviners. The Second Book of Chronicles attributes to Manasseh<\/b> the creation of actual guilds of astrologers, magicians, diviners, and necromancers. It is a significant paradox: political power formally recognizes what Yahweh had forbidden.<\/p>\n

Only with the great religious reform of King Josiah<\/b>, around 622 BC<\/i>, were these guilds eliminated. The Second Book of Kings recounts that Josiah \u201celiminated necromancers, diviners, teraphim, idols, and all abominations.\u201d Josiah attempted a work of monotheization<\/b>: reducing the plurality of cults and deities and imposing a single Elohim, while centralizing priestly and political power in Jerusalem.<\/p>\n

It is in this climate of tension, between prohibitions, reforms, and popular resistance, that the most emblematic episode in the Bible concerning magical deception takes place: the encounter between Saul<\/strong> and the necromancer of Endor<\/strong>.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/6″][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row enable_content_animation=”yes” animation_preset=”Fade In Up” responsive_css=”margin_top_large:50px|margin_bottom_large:20px|margin_bottom_small:30px”][vc_column width=”1\/6″][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”2\/3″][vc_single_image image=”2296″ alignment=”center”][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/6″][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row enable_content_animation=”yes” animation_preset=”Fade In Up” css=”.vc_custom_1747930857330{margin-top: 20px !important;}”][vc_column width=”1\/6″][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”2\/3″][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

Yahweh’s silence and Saul’s despair<\/h2>\n

The First Book of Samuel shows us Saul engaged in a difficult war against the Philistines. Samuel is dead, the enemy appears numerous, and the king is overcome by fear. He tries to consult Yahweh through dreams, through the Urim, and through prophets, but the text says that Yahweh does not answer him. We do not know why the text does not explain this.<\/p>\n

However, we do know that Saul needs to know what will happen and to find guidance. And this is where the contradiction emerges: he, who had banished magicians and necromancers, orders his servants: \u201cFind me a necromancer.\u201d<\/p>\n

His servants point him to a woman who lives in Endor<\/b>, a village located about four miles south of Mount Tabor<\/b>, next to a mountain range rich in caves. It is perfectly plausible to imagine the scene in a cave: a closed environment favors all forms of acoustic manipulation.<\/p>\n

Saul disguises himself, goes to the woman, and asks her to summon the spirit of Samuel. The necromancer says she sees \u201can old man wrapped in a cloak.\u201d Saul, already influenced by fear, believes it is the prophet and asks him what will happen in the upcoming battle. The answer is terrible: the Philistines will win, and he and his sons will die \u201ctomorrow.\u201d[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/6″][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row enable_content_animation=”yes” animation_preset=”Fade In Up” responsive_css=”margin_top_large:50px|margin_bottom_large:20px|margin_bottom_small:30px”][vc_column width=”1\/6″][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”2\/3″][vc_single_image image=”2284″ alignment=”center”][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/6″][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row enable_content_animation=”yes” animation_preset=”Fade In Up” css=”.vc_custom_1747930857330{margin-top: 20px !important;}”][vc_column width=”1\/6″][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”2\/3″][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

The meaning of ba\u02bfalat \u02beov and the technique of deception<\/h2>\n

Here philology becomes decisive. The woman is not called a \u201cwitch,\u201d but \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05ea\u05be\u05d0\u05d5\u05d1 (ba\u02bfalat \u02beov<\/i>)<\/b>.<\/p>\n

    \n
  • ba\u02bfal<\/i> = lord, master<\/li>\n
  • ba\u02bfalat<\/i> = mistress (feminine)<\/li>\n
  • \u02beov<\/i> = wineskin, bottle, leather container<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    The necromancer is therefore \u201cshe who possesses the wineskin\u201d<\/i>, that is, a practitioner who uses a specific technical tool. A wineskin can distort the voice<\/b>, amplify it, make it seem to come from a different place, creating the typical effect of ventriloquism.<\/p>\n

    It is no coincidence that the Septuagint, the ancient Greek translation of the Bible, translates ba\u02bfalat \u02beov as \u1f10\u03b3\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03bc\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2<\/strong> (engastrimythos), literally:<\/p>\n

    \u201cventriloquist<\/strong>,\u201d she who speaks from the belly<\/i>.<\/p>\n

    This clearly indicates that the Greek tradition had understood the technical nature of the scene.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/6″][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row enable_content_animation=”yes” animation_preset=”Fade In Up” responsive_css=”margin_top_large:50px|margin_bottom_large:20px|margin_bottom_small:30px”][vc_column width=”1\/6″][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”2\/3″][vc_single_image image=”2293″ alignment=”center”][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/6″][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row enable_content_animation=”yes” animation_preset=”Fade In Up” css=”.vc_custom_1747930857330{margin-top: 20px !important;}”][vc_column width=”1\/6″][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”2\/3″][vc_column_text]A midrash<\/b> adds a notable detail. According to the Pirq\u00e9 de-Rabb\u00ec Eli\u2018ezer<\/i>, the necromancer was named Zefania<\/b> and was the mother of Abner<\/b>, Saul’s first cousin and commander of his army. Abner, frequenting the court, could have heard Samuel’s rebukes when he was still alive. And in fact, what the necromancer attributes to Samuel’s \u201cspirit\u201d is an almost literal repetition<\/b> of the words already spoken by the prophet during his lifetime, as reported in 1 Samuel 15.<\/p>\n

    The woman, therefore:<\/p>\n

      \n
    • knew those words,<\/li>\n
    • repeated them,<\/li>\n
    • recited them through an acoustic instrument,<\/li>\n
    • in a favorable environment such as a cave,<\/li>\n
    • to an already terrified king.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      A perfectly organized deception.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/6″][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row enable_content_animation=”yes” animation_preset=”Fade In Up” responsive_css=”margin_top_large:50px|margin_bottom_large:20px|margin_bottom_small:30px”][vc_column width=”1\/6″][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”2\/3″][vc_single_image source=”external_link” alignment=”center” custom_src=”https:\/\/sguardoasion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/morte-saul.jpg”][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/6″][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row enable_content_animation=”yes” animation_preset=”Fade In Up” css=”.vc_custom_1747930857330{margin-top: 20px !important;}”][vc_column width=”1\/6″][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”2\/3″][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

      The prophecy \u201cfor tomorrow\u201d that comes true three days later<\/h2>\n
      \n
      \n
      \n
      \n
      \n
      \n
      \n

      The most revealing detail is the temporal prophecy. The supposed Samuel announces that Saul will die \u201ctomorrow.\u201d<\/b> But reading the text carefully, we discover that death occurs at least three days later<\/b>.<\/p>\n

      In 1 Sam 30:1, we read:<\/p>\n

      \u201cWhen David and his men came to Ziklag on the third day<\/b>…\u201d<\/p>\n

      And in 1 Sam 31, the battle of Gilboa and Saul’s suicide are recounted. The overall picture indicates that the king dies not the next day<\/b>, but over a longer period of time.<\/p>\n

      The prophecy, therefore, is incorrect in its timing<\/b>.<\/p>\n

      This is perfectly compatible with human deception, much less so with supernatural revelation. Even more significant is that the passage is not corrected<\/b> at any stage of textual transmission.<\/p>\n

      Many ancient copyists, in fact, were not expert readers: they knew how to reproduce letters, but not necessarily how to read them. Narrative and chronological errors could thus be transmitted without being noticed.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n

      [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/6″][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row enable_content_animation=”yes” animation_preset=”Fade In Up” responsive_css=”margin_top_large:50px|margin_bottom_large:20px|margin_bottom_small:30px”][vc_column width=”1\/6″][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”2\/3″][vc_single_image image=”2299″ alignment=”center”][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/6″][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row enable_content_animation=”yes” animation_preset=”Fade In Up” css=”.vc_custom_1747930857330{margin-top: 20px !important;}”][vc_column width=”1\/6″][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”2\/3″][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

      Magic, deception, and a timeless human need<\/h2>\n
      \n
      \n
      \n
      \n
      \n
      \n
      \n

      The picture that emerges is one of constant tension between prohibition and desire. Yahweh forbids magic because he knows how easy it is to deceive the people. But the people continue to practice it because they feel the need to do so. The prophets condemn it, but they cannot supplant it. Kings sometimes repress it, sometimes use it. And even Saul, in his hour of fear, seeks what he had forbidden.<\/p>\n

      The story of the ba\u02bfalat \u02beov<\/i> of Endor reveals the most human and ancient dynamic of all: the vulnerability of those who are afraid and desire answers. It also shows that deception is possible on any scale, even to the detriment of a king.<\/p>\n

      Today, as then, the need to know \u201cwhat will happen\u201d remains one of the deepest human needs. And precisely for this reason, as the Bible itself shows, deception is always possible when fear is stronger than judgment.<\/p>\n

      Perhaps, in the end, the most important question to ask is the simplest one:<\/p>\n

      who are we really listening to?<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n

      [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/6″][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      [vc_row fade_scroll=”yes” enable_content_animation=”yes” animation_preset=”Fade In Up” css=”.vc_custom_1747930724485{padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_column width=”1\/6″][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”2\/3″][vc_column_text el_class=”abstract”]When we approach the Bible from a philological rather than a theological perspective, a surprisingly human picture emerges: the need to know the unknown, the desire for psychological security, and the ease with which one can fall victim to deception that exploits fears and […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2282,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[44,56,50,326,327,330,328,331,99,329,59],"class_list":["post-2303","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","tag-antico-testamento-en","tag-bibbia-en","tag-bible","tag-endor","tag-magia","tag-magic","tag-monte-tabor","tag-mount-tabor","tag-old-testament","tag-saul","tag-yahweh-en"],"yoast_head":"\nForbidden magic in the Bible - Mauro Biglino<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A philological reading of forbidden magic in the Bible: Saul, the necromancer of Endor, and a prophecy reveal deception and contradictions.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.maurobiglino.com\/en\/forbidden-magic-in-the-bible-biglino-endor-saul\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Forbidden magic in the Bible - Mauro Biglino\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A philological reading of forbidden magic in the Bible: Saul, the necromancer of Endor, and a prophecy reveal deception and contradictions.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.maurobiglino.com\/en\/forbidden-magic-in-the-bible-biglino-endor-saul\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Mauro Biglino\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/maurobiglinoit\/?fref=ts\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-11-26T14:54:55+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-11-27T09:51:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.maurobiglino.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/magia-proibita-bibbia.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Mauro Biglino\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Mauro Biglino\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"11 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.maurobiglino.com\\\/en\\\/forbidden-magic-in-the-bible-biglino-endor-saul\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.maurobiglino.com\\\/en\\\/forbidden-magic-in-the-bible-biglino-endor-saul\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Mauro Biglino\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.maurobiglino.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/dbb4628b6646b4111c071e24ccae4091\"},\"headline\":\"Forbidden magic in the Bible\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-11-26T14:54:55+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-11-27T09:51:00+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.maurobiglino.com\\\/en\\\/forbidden-magic-in-the-bible-biglino-endor-saul\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":2223,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.maurobiglino.com\\\/en\\\/forbidden-magic-in-the-bible-biglino-endor-saul\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.maurobiglino.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/11\\\/magia-proibita-bibbia.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Antico Testamento\",\"Bibbia\",\"Bible\",\"Endor\",\"Magia\",\"Magic\",\"Monte Tabor\",\"Mount Tabor\",\"Old Testament\",\"Saul\",\"Yahweh\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Blog\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.maurobiglino.com\\\/en\\\/forbidden-magic-in-the-bible-biglino-endor-saul\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.maurobiglino.com\\\/en\\\/forbidden-magic-in-the-bible-biglino-endor-saul\\\/\",\"name\":\"Forbidden magic in the Bible - 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